Of Mice and Men Vocabulary and Key Terms

Kotchians Moral Dilemma - 1652 Words

Kotchian’s Moral Dilemma Carl Kotchian, President of Lockheed Aircraft Corp., was put in a under of series of circumstances which consequently decided the success of his company. When the times seemed dire, Kotchian initially did what any other leader of a business would do, look to cut costs and reduce product failures. However, when this was not enough, Kotchian explored the negotiation of a contract with All Nippon Airlines, Japan’s leading airlines for. Little did Kotchian know, negotiation was much performed much differently in Japan than in the United States, therefore, Marubeni was hired as a representative of Lockheed to manage relations with the Prime Minister ‘s†¦show more content†¦Those who inflicted the most damage had to be the Japanese official’s whose demands for bribes were perpetuated by Kotchian’s inability to deny their requests. By agreeing to pay the bribes, he was reinforcing their corrupted tendencies. Had he been combative of this injustice, J apanese’s tende may have been changed for future businessmen. Although the Japanese were harmed from a moral standpoint, they were not totally harmed by this transaction. Marubeni, for instance, was protected by Kotchian’s decisions. The unforeseen consequence of Kotchian neglecting the final payment would have resulted in a destroyed reputation. Not to mention, the inevitable destruction of his company. Furthermore, the middleman between Kotchian and Marubeni would have been in a conflict had he not correctly conveyed the appropriate demands of the Prime Minister. Thus, we begin to see that through the Utilitarian perspective, that the CEO’s actions were deemed morally permissible for many more than just Lockheed and Kotchian himself. From what has been previously discussed, there has not been a clear distinction of where utility was maximized in this situation. However, when the employees of Lockheed and its suppliers are taken into consideration, the pendulum swings directly in favor of Kotchian. Had he not participated in the bribes, first a deal would likely not have occurred, resulting in the financial crisis that would permanently cripple Lockheed.

War Outline Free Essays

Intro- It was mid-spring in the United States Capitol- Washington, DC, the grass was green and onlookers could take in the view of the Washington Monument. On the specific date of April 17, 1965, the streets were not only occupied by historical monuments and statues of American History, but also occupied of 25,000 outraged protesters against the Vietnam War. This rally, organized by the Students for a Democratic Society, was the first significant act of defiance towards the Unites States Government. We will write a custom essay sample on War Outline or any similar topic only for you Order Now And this act of defiance was the beginning of a societal trend of abhorrence towards the Vietnam War. An angered country, defiance in Society and opposition in many households, is just the commencement of the Antiwar Movement. * Anti-War Movement (Overview): 1. A country-wide disapproval of the Vietnam War. a. â€Å"We weren’t on the wrong side in Vietnam, we were the wrong side. † –Daniel Ellsberg The most Dangerous Man in America.. b. Many Households disliked it because the number of people being drafted rapidly increased over two months and it affected them. . The deaths of the soldiers were twice as heartbreaking because they died in a war that their families disapproved of. 2. The Vietnam War was the first war to be played out in people’s homes (on their televisions and radios). d. Several different News Channels showed clips and photos taken by photographers and videographers in Vietnam. e. The general public couldn’t stand the realities of wa r, such as dying children and mass murders etc. f. This meant the general public scrutinized and judged it more often than previous wars. . It was even worse with the fact that most people didn’t see why the US army was involved in the first place * The Beginning of the Anti War Movement. * â€Å"Hey, Hey LBJ! How Many Kids Did You Kill Today? † * * Celebrities and The Anti War Movement. * Muhammad Ali. * Muhammad Ali, the world heavyweight boxing champion, refused to even consider going to Vietnam in 1966. * Called him a draft dodger and traitor because he refused to go to Vietnam because of his beliefs. Muhammad Ali also tore up his draft card and other men had followed his footsteps. * As a Muslim, he held war to be against his religious principles. * According to an article written by Jack Olsen in Sports Illustrated, the Governor of Illinois found Ali ‘disgusting’, and the Governor of Maine said Ali ‘should be held in utter contempt by every pat riotic American’. * An American Legion post in Miami asked people to ‘join in condemnation of this unpatriotic, loudmouthed, bombastic individual’. 2. * Washington DC Marches. April 17, 1965 * Organizers had expected about 2000 marchers. The actual count was about 25,000. * This was the largest anti-war protest to ever have been held in Washington DC at that time. * The number of marchers approximately equaling the number of US soldiers in Vietnam. * The college students’ main motive for this ‘gathering’ was to protest against the US bombing campaign. * November 27, 1965 * 35,000 anti-war protesters circle the White House then march on to the Washington Monument for a rally How to cite War Outline, Essay examples

Maslahah Mursalah Essay Example For Students

Maslahah Mursalah Essay TOPIC : MASLAHAH MURSALAH (CONSIDERATIONS OF PUBLIC INTEREST) DEFINITION †¢ Literal : benefit or interest – unrestricted public interest in the sense of not having been regulated by the Lawgiver no textual authority can be found on its validity or otherwise. Al Ghazali : consists of considerations which secure a benefit or prevent a harm but are, in the meantime, harmonious with the objectives (maqasid) of the Shariah. Technical : a consideration which is proper harmonious (wasf munasib mula’im) to the objectives of the Lawgiver, it secures a benefit or prevents a harm, the Syariah provides no indication as to its validity or otherwise. †¢ E. g . : Decision to issue currency , to establish prisons, to impose tax (kharaj) on agricultural lands in the conquered territories despite the fact that no textual authority can be found in its favour. †¢ derives its validity fr the norm that the basic purpose of legislation in Islam is to secure the welfare of the ppl by promoting their benefits or by protecting them against harm. The word â€Å"maslahah† – can neither be enumerated nor predicted in advance as they chg according to time circumstance. †¢ Majority of uelama : MM is a proper ground for legislation – when the maslahah is identified the mujtahid does not find an explicit ruling in the nass, he must act in its pursuit by taking the necessary steps to secure it. – therefore it is justified by saying that God’s purpose in revealing the Syariah is to promote man’s welfare to prevent corruption in the earth. The concept of MM does not apply to the rulings of the Prophet : When there is a Prophetic ruling in favour of a maslahah, it becomes part of the established law, hence no longer a MM. – from a historical vantage, the notion of MM originates in the practice of the Companions. This is not to say that the Prophet has not ruled in favour of maslahah, but merely to point out that as a principle of jurisprudence, MM does not apply to the rulings of Sunnah. EXAMPLES OF MM : ? Caliph Bakr also waged war on those who refused to pay the zakah, ? The rule for murder provided in the texts was that one life could be taken for one life by way of retaliation. It was not clear whether a number of persons could be subjected to qisas when they participated in killing in a single person. Caliph Umar decided that all of them shd be put to death. This rule is said to be based on the â€Å"preservation of life†, which is a purpose of Islamic law. This is strengthened by the words of the AQ :† in retaliation there is life for you†. Caliph Umar is reported to hv said (in this decision) that if all the ppl of Sana’a had conspired to kill a single person he wld put all of them to death. JUSTIFICATION OF MM : The main objection against the use of MM in particular and the concept of maslahah in general is that it is based upon the hikmah (wisdom) of the rule rather than on ethe illah. The jurists hv been very cautious in the use of hukm for the determination of laws. The principle of maslahah is more flexible and is bsed on an interplay of general principles and the maqasid are based on the hikmah underlying the various rules. Sometimes advanced is that it will be misused by ignorant ppl. The response to this is that the legal system must ensure that its professionals observe the proper methodology that meets the conditions imposed above. Further, the principle is to be used mostly by the judges of the Higher Ctts of the country and by the lawyers who assist these ctts. It is not up to every person to employ legal reasoning. PROOF (HUJJAH) OF MM : ? Surah Al Anbiya’ : 107 â€Å"We hv sent you but a mercy for all creatures† ? Surah Yunus : 75 â€Å"O mankind, a direction has come to you from your Lord, it is a healing for the ailments in your hearts.. the msg for these 2 phrases here transcends all barriers that divide the humanity, none must stand on the way of seeking mercy beneficience to human beings. ? Surah Al Maidah : 6 â€Å"God never intends to impose hardship upon ppl† God also described that His purpose in the revelation of religion of Islam is not a means of imposing hardship. ? Sunnah/Hadeeth : â€Å"harm is neither inflicted nor tolerated in Islam. † ? Sunnah/Hadeeth : â€Å"The Prophet did not choose but the easier of the two alternatives so long as it did not amount to a sin. ? Sunnah/Hadeeth : â€Å"Muslims are bound by their stipulations unless it be a condition which turns a haram into halal or a halal into haram. † base on these hadeeths seems to grant muslims the liberty to pursue their benefits to commit themselves to that effect provided that this does not amt to a violation of the explicit commands prohibitions of the Syariah. ? Sunnah/Hadeeth : â€Å"God loves to see that His concessions (rukhas) are observed in the same way that His strict laws (‘aza’im) are obeyed. † it is confirmed that no unnecessary rigour in the enforcement of the ahkam is recommended, that the Muslims should avail themselves of the flexibility concessions that the Lawgiver has granted them to utilize such in pursuit of the masalih. †¢ Imam Malik has given these following reasons for MM as a proof and basis of legislation : The Companions has validated it hv formulated the rules of Shariah on its basis. When the MM is compatible with the objectives of the Law giver or that it falls within the genus or category of what the lawgiver has expressly validated, it must be upheld. When MM is of the genus of the approved MM it is not upheld, the likely result would be to inflict hardship on the ppl, which must be prevented. TYPES OF MM 1. ESSENTIALS (DARURRIYAT) 5 essential value (al dharuriyyat al khamsah)s i. e. religion, life, intellect, lineage property – must not only be promoted but also be protected against any real or expected threat which undermine their safety. To uphold the faith would thus require observance of the prescribed forms of badat, whereas the safety of life and intellect is secured by obtaining lawful means of sustenance as well as the enforcement of penalties which the Shariah has provided so as to protect them against destructi on and loss. 2. COMPLEMENTARY (HAJIYYAT) the whole supplementary to the 5 essential values they refer to interests whose neglect leads to hardship in the life of the community although not to its collapse. Thus in the area of ibadat the concessions that the Shariah has granted to the sick to the traveler not to observe the fast, shorten the solat, are aimed a preventing hardship. . EMBELLISHMENTS (TAHSINIYYAT) refers to interests who realization leads to improvement the attainment of that which is desirable. Thus the observance of cleanliness in personal appearance ibadat, moral virtues, avoiding extravagance in consumption moderation in the enforcement of penalties fall within the scope of tahsiniyyat. CLASSIFICATIONS OF MASLAHAH : The scholars have divided maslahah into 3 categories : 1. Maslahah al Mu’tabarah 2. Maslaha al Mulgha 3. Maslahah Mursalah CONDITIONS OF MM .ub662896cf0d69ae961d4f7bb92f9b4d5 , .ub662896cf0d69ae961d4f7bb92f9b4d5 .postImageUrl , .ub662896cf0d69ae961d4f7bb92f9b4d5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub662896cf0d69ae961d4f7bb92f9b4d5 , .ub662896cf0d69ae961d4f7bb92f9b4d5:hover , .ub662896cf0d69ae961d4f7bb92f9b4d5:visited , .ub662896cf0d69ae961d4f7bb92f9b4d5:active { border:0!important; } .ub662896cf0d69ae961d4f7bb92f9b4d5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub662896cf0d69ae961d4f7bb92f9b4d5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub662896cf0d69ae961d4f7bb92f9b4d5:active , .ub662896cf0d69ae961d4f7bb92f9b4d5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub662896cf0d69ae961d4f7bb92f9b4d5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub662896cf0d69ae961d4f7bb92f9b4d5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub662896cf0d69ae961d4f7bb92f9b4d5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub662896cf0d69ae961d4f7bb92f9b4d5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub662896cf0d69ae961d4f7bb92f9b4d5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub662896cf0d69ae961d4f7bb92f9b4d5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub662896cf0d69ae961d4f7bb92f9b4d5 .ub662896cf0d69ae961d4f7bb92f9b4d5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub662896cf0d69ae961d4f7bb92f9b4d5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essays on Generoso Pharmaceutical and Chemicals Inc. EssayMM is employed when the jurists cannot find a rule for the case at hand through literal interpretation nor can he extend the meaning through strict analogy (qiyas), because there is no specific base (asl) from he can extend the rule by analogy. In other words, individual or specific evidences do not control the law anymore. The case now has to be settled by â€Å"looking at all the texts collectively†. This is achieved by referring to the purposes of Islamic law or the maqasid al syariah. The 1st thing that a jurist employing MM has to do is to â€Å" formulate a new principle that will control the problem b eing faced by him†. The new principle he has formulated must meet the following conditions i. e. : 1. MM must be genuine (haqiqiyyah). – must be a reasonable probability that the benefits of enacting a hukm in the pursuance of maslahah outweighs the harms that might accrue fr it. 2. MM must be general (kulliyah) in that it secures benefit, or prevents harm, to the ppl as a whole not to a particular person or group of persons – must contemplate a benefit to the largest possible number of ppl. – the whole concept of maslahah derives its validity fr the idea that it secures the welfare of the ppl at large. . MM is not conflict with a principle or value which is upheld by the nass (AQ Sunnah) or ijma’. – has to make sure that the new principle he has formulated does not clash with a text or existing principles (nass) and propositions of Islamic law or attempt to alter the implication of a text. 4. Maslahah must be rational (ma’qulah) acceptable to the ppl of soun d intellect. This is in reality means that the norm it promotes must be among the purposed of Islamic law recognized by the syariah. 5. it must prevent or remove hardship fr the ppl.